From about 50,000bc groups of san people migrate out southern africa eventually giving rise apparently to modern man in the rest of the world. The historiographical development of the concept mfecane. In south africa active in the western transvaal and lesotho. Its hard to say whether or not i would have been more absorbed in the book if it was the first thing i learned from this book is that i knew just about nothing about 19th century south africa. Effects of mfecane on southern and central africa free. Over the last 40 years nearly 20 african countries or about 40 percent of africa south of the sahara ssa have experienced at least one period of civil war. Bay was another factor that induced people to settle just south of mozambique. Together with the mfecane, this is the most devastating war in the history of south africa. The origins of the south african war, 18991902 scientia. By 100,000bc the san people had settle in southern africa. The role of preventive diplomacy in african conflicts the. It is estimated that 20% of ssas population now lives in countries which are formally at war and lowintensity conflict has become endemic to many other african states. A scout team aboard a helicopter taking them on a raid into neighboring mozambique.
Many of its effects were negative and destructive, others were positive and constructive. Some of the key battles of ww1 were the battle of marne 19141918, battle of ypres 1914,1915 and 1917,the battle of somme 1916, battle of cambria and the famous battle of verdun 1916. The south african border war, also known as the namibian war of independence, and sometimes denoted in south africa as the angolan bush war, was a. War parts of east and west africa served as important theaters of war, while north africa was a crucial combat zone during both wars.
Mfecane the image of africa and the land question by toby chance august 20 on february th 20, dr pieter mulder of the freedom front plus and deputy minister of agriculture, gave a speech in parliament inflaming a decadesold debate. How large a responsibility do shaka and the zulu people bear for the social turbulence in south central and south east africa in the early decades of the 19th century. Mar 15, 2011 nasson is an academic with a novelists deft touch. Africa s longest civil wars occur in this region assefa, 1999. Economic and political causes of civil wars in africa. The black south african writer and journalist sol plaatje wrote movingly about this period after shakas death, in a novel. The british forces thought that the war would be won easily, but they were wrong. Statebuilding in natal the northern nguni lived in modern day natal and zululand. Climate and the mfecane article pdf available in south african journal of science 11056. Some astonishingly selective use or actual invention of evidence produced the myth of an internallyinduced process of blackonblack destruction centring on shakas zulu. The ndebele moved in 1840 to what is now south western zimbabwe. Mfecane in south africa and the african holocaust in general. Mfecane was coined by e a walker in his 1928 book a history of south africa, which he translates into the.
The conflict in the democratic republic of the congo had resulted in what many analysts considered to be africas first world war. The mfecane and its effects publish your masters thesis. A small but critical number of historians have focused on africas role in world war ii. Written warning description a type of sanction a written warning. This is a highly accessible revisiting of the angloboer war that has a lot to offer, both for those wanting an introduction to the conflict that shaped the modern south africa and those buffs who are seeking new interpretations of the war. Characterized by violence, racial differences and diversity, south africa s history is inseparably entwined with the history of the african continent.
Social groups and crafts practised by the people at great zimbabwe. Guerra civil mocambicana was a civil war fought in mozambique from 1977 to 1992. The mfecane movement in south africa 1835 words 123. Almost twelve years had passed since south africa s first direct intervention into angola during operation savannah in 197576, and south africa s involvement in the war in angola was about to reach new heights it had not even considered before. These events were the longestrunning military action in the history of african colonialism the reality of the conflicts between the europeans and xhosa. Also during that period saw the growth of trade and the establishment of several european colonies. South african resistance to war has a long tradition, and a history that includes conscientious objectors, pacifists, deserters and draft dodgers, as well as those whose objections are based upon the notion of just war as opposed to unjust or illegal war. O ne of the notable units to come out of the 196479 rhodesian bush war a.
The two boer republics that were involved in the conflict were. The mfecne resulted in the death of so many people and destruction of property. Large parts of the country in natal, the transvaal and free state were largely depopulated because people fled in droves to safer areas such as the transkei, the edge of the kalahari, the soutpansberg and the present day lesotho. In the cape colony it greatly increased pressures on the eastern frontier as refugees known as mfengu crowded in on the peoples of the transkei. South african war 18991902 south african boer war nzhistory. Just as well, as lain smiths book on the south african war or second angloboer war, was published in 1996, three years before the start of the centenary festivities of this war. A lx1ineteenthcentuv recolution in bantu africa in 1966,nd the first volume of the oxford history of south africa in 1969, proved decisive. Field guide to the war in zululand and the defence of natal 1879 by j. Smith, the origins of the south african war, 18991902. Effects of mfecane on the peoples of southern, central and eastern africa the mfecane had a long lasting impact on the history of southern africa. Even though those impact are in negative and positive. Mfecane is an nguni word which means crushing and was used by the nguni to describe the violent wars that tore apart central and southern africa between 1820 and1835. In pretoria, representatives of great britain and the boer states sign the treaty of vereeniging, officially ending the threeandahalfyear south african boer.
It is worth speculating why mulder used the lesserknown version in his speech. At the beginning of the month a hundred or so guerrillas of the caprivi liberation. Mar 29, 2008 free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by project gutenberg. A guide for interpreting the mfecane s role in history was the mfecane a figment of historians imagination as julian cobbing contends. Using recently developed models of the overall prevalence of civil wars in 161 countries between 19601999, we draw lessons with special reference to africa, showing that the relatively higher prevalence of war in africa. It is always necessary to bear in mind the larger issues underlying militarization in southern africa, so that the implications of the military defeat of the south africans for the political, social, and economic transformation of africa can be seen.
First theory presented on the mfecane was written by historian george mccall theal. John atkinson hobsons prophetic book, first published in 1900, describes in clinical detail the lies, deception, underhanded maneuverings, false propagandaand the ubiquitous jewish lobbywhich lay behind the outbreak of the second angloboer war in 1889. South africans, a scout team on patrol deep in the bush. He believed that africans naturally waged barbarous tribal wars until the arrival of white people, who pacified the. War and the state in africa 121 is often not enough to meet the new security threat facing the state. Explore the fascinating and extraordinary history of south africa, from its earliest inhabitants to the post apartheid era. The decline of the african states 151 diamonds, gold, and imperialist intervention 18701902 151 diamonds and confederation 152 afrikaner and african politics in the cape 153 gold mining 154 the road to war 154 the south african war 18991902 155 reconstruction, union, and segregation 190229 156 milner and reconstruction 157. Kobus du pisani department of history, potchefstroom university for che. He is credited with creating a fighting force that devastated the entire region.
I finally got around o picking it up and giving it a read. Mfecane was unquestioned fact of southern africa until the 1980s. In addition, zambia shared a border with south african controlled south west africa now namibia. Full text of the story of the war in south africa, 18991900. The word mfecane is derived from xhosa term ukufaca to become a thing from hunger and fetocanic starring intruders. History of southern africa south african history online. Mfecane historiography has separated the advent of the fingo. Show the effects both positive and negative conclude. Lobengula was defeated and the ndebele abandoned war and became herders and.
The south african war of 18991902, the first major military clash of the 20th century is a prime example of asymmetric conflict. In the cape colony it greatly increased pressures on the eastern frontier as refugees known as mfengu crowded in on the. History of the war in south africa pdf anglo boer war. Contrary to popular belief, africa s civil wars are not due to its ethnic and religious diversity. Battle of cuito cuanavale angolan civil warsouth african.
Th is book attempts to reveal the origins of war in mozambique, paying attention to the structural process of various relations at international, regional, domestic, local and personal levels. From about 500ad bantu speaking people from central and eastern africa had migrated into south. Rhodesias whiteruled government unilaterally declared independence in 1965. Causes of the mfecane essay example 867 words cram. Southern africa causes of the mfecane given the turbulence caused by slave raiding in east and westcentral africa, it is tempting to blame this for the unprecedented warfare in southern africa in the second and third decades of the 19th century.
Mfecane can therefore be defined as the period of widespread war, plundering, disturbances, destructions and migrations in the zululand and other parts of south africa between 1820 and 1834. Fear of communism haunted the white minority government of south africa from the 1950s to the collapse of single party rule in eastern europe in 1989. But euromonitor 2009 considers that south africa is a country with a significant rate of insecurity that would influence the trip to south africa. Shaka, zulu chief 181628, founder of southern africa s zulu empire. South african war, also called the second boer war or the second war of independence, war fought from october 11, 1899, to may 31, 1902, between great. Excerpts from pulitzer prizewinning an army at dawn.
Hundreds of thousands of young white men were called up for. The namibian defence force was created when south west africa gained full independence from south africa in 1990. The mfecane was set in motion by the rise of the zulu military kingdom under shaka c. The mfecane, it was maintained, had a major impact on the history of south, central, and east africa. Togo, then called togoland, became a french trust territory, but a small sliver along its western border went to britain, which governed it together with ghana. Accepted idea was that the radical political and social changes among the bantu societies were caused by the expansion of the zulu kingdom under shaka zulu. The xhosa wars also known as the cape frontier wars, or africa s 100 years war were a series of nine wars or flareups from 1779 to 1879 between the xhosa kingdom and european settlers in what is now the eastern cape in south africa. These are some of the issues explored in this collection, which is designed as a response to. The sotho refers to the mfecane as the defecane or lifaquane, which means forced migration. Examine the causes and effects of mfecane in east and central africa approach mfecane s background. Mfecane was the period of widespreading warfare plundening. The south african war, sometimes called the boer war or angloboer war, was the first major conflict of a century that was to be marked by wars on an. How the bantus permanently changed the face of africa 2,000 years ago history of the bantu peoples duration.
I was told that this was the standard history of the conflict, at least from the south african side. Coined the term mfecane in the zulu aftermath in 1966. Regional variations in three principal conflict trends are then presented for the central, east,west, and southern regions of. Republics of south africa waged a devastating war against each other that would last for the better. Civil war in namibia by chris talbot august 1999 secessionist demands in namibia have erupted into civil war. The mfecane was a period of chaos and indigenous tribal warfare in south africa that saw the near depopulation of the region from 1815 to around 1840 timeframe. A littleknown cold war thread 105 involved have written about them. Entitled mhudi, it focussed on the ndebele defeat of the barolong in the. His life is the subject of numerous colourful and exaggerated stories, many of which are debated by historians. The british south africa company secured the mineral concession for all of matabeleland in 1888. See more ideas about africa, south africa and african. This period is characterized by the rise of the zulu state under shaka.
An appraisal of the south african strategy dr leopold scholtz1 extraordinary professor, department of history, stellenbosch university introduction from the sixties to the late eighties, the border war became a household term in south africa. The south african war 18991902 south african history online. Background mfecane was a ngoni word used to describe times of trouble, forced migration of various people from southeastern parts of present south. Sotho version of the better known xhosa mfecane, both of them neologisms describing this period of mass migration and killings. The mfecane war brought various changes in south, central and east africa. Brief history of south africa, from prehistoric to post. Full text of the story of the war in south africa, 18991900 see other formats. This book has been sitting on the shelf behind my desk at work for quite awhile.
Colonial production, extraverted and coercive as it already was, was ruthlessly reorganized to produce record amounts of primary agricultural and mineral commodities for the imperial armies and economies. Mfecane, to describe the african wars of the 1820s and 1830s. War has always speeded the transformation or regression of society. In the course of the research which was conducted over a fi fteen. In south africa itself the mfecane caused immense suffering and devastated large areas as refugees scrambled to safety in mountain fastnesses or were killed, thus easing the way for white expansion into natal and the highveld. Noble 4th 325 world war one had many key players, countries and empires being great britain, france, german, austriahungary and russia. The war in north africa, 19421943 1 in april 1942, rear admiral henry kent hewitt hewitt had been ordered to hampton roads virginia, usa to command the atlantic fleets new amphibious force. Written warning, document, labour law, south africa, pdf. The genesis, dynamics and effects of the civil war in south sudan mr. Namibia, then known as south west africa, was assigned to south africa as a sort of trophy for south africa having fought in the war on the side of the allied powers. Three of zambias neighbors southern rhodesia and the portuguese colonies of mozambique and angolaremained under whitedominated rule. Category discipline sub category disciplinary hearings document type information sheet filename written warning is.
South african air force south afrika world conflicts out of africa military veterans korean war african history war machine special forces angolan war 1975 the south african border war south african military veterans. So reading diamonds, gold, and war introduced me to a lot of people and places, and it got awfully confusing at times. This area to the east of the drakensbergs and the eastern escarpment benefits from prevailing winds off the indian ocean. The south african air force saaf is the air force of south africa, with its headquarters in pretoria.
Mfecane refers to a period of political disruption and population migration in south africa to other areas during 1820sand 1830s europeans called mfecane. The south african air force was established on 1 february 1920. The constitution of namibia defines the role of the military as defending the territory and national interests. Mfecane 18171828 more destruction was caused by those whom shaka defeated, than by his own forces. The crushing, sotho difaqane, series of zulu and other nguni wars and forced migrations of the second and third decades of the 19th century that changed the demographic, social, and political configuration of southern and central africa and parts of eastern africa. The mfecane is a characteristic product of south african liberal history used by the apartheid state to legitimate south africa s racially unequal land division. The air force has seen service in world war ii and the korean war. The south african war of 18991902, often called the boer war sometimes the second boer war, was the first overseas conflict to involve new zealand troops. The horn of africa is known for decades as one of the hottest geographical spaces of internal dissidence and interstate conflicts.
The effects of mfecane can be grouped into positive and negative effects. The south african boer war begins between the british empire and the boers of the transvaal and orange free state. The second boer war 11 october 1899 31 may 1902 was fought between the british empire and two independent boer states, the south african republic. Mfecane invironments had cause the impacts on culture, political and economic to the peopleof africa. Some econometric results 7 also, rebellions may occur when forgone income is unusually low and this can be proxied by mean income per capita, male secondary schooling, and the growth rate of the economy in the preceding period representing new income opportunities. Its causes and effects john atkinson hobson full view 1900. This was the case of the eritrean war of liberation against ethiopian regimes. Darlington mutanda university of zimbabwe, history department war and strategic studies unit p. The causes of the mfecane were emerging by the end of the eighteenth century, when population levels increased rapidly, and ecological resources were sometimes scarce. It took another fifty years for the struggle between afrikaners and british to be settled with the formation of the union of south africa in 1910 and a further eighty six years. Box mp 167 mt pleasant, harare mphil student and assistant lecturer in the war and strategic studies unit at the university of zimbabwe. The war in south africa, its cause and conduct by arthur.
Mfecane refers to a period of political disruption and population migration in southern africa which occurred during the 1820s and 1830s. There have been four theories that various historians support for the causes and history of the mfecane movement in south africa. Did the people of the mutapa state benefit from the expansion of the state. Anglozulu war, also known as zulu war, decisive sixmonth war in 1879 in southern africa, resulting in british victory over the zulus during the second half of the 19th century, the british were interested in zululand for several reasons, including their desire for the zulu population to provide labour in the diamond fields of southern africa, their plan to create a south africa federation. The titles were not published in chronological order as the wars occurred, but at random, starting with the first world war. The mfecane led to the creation of strong centralised new states that is, the zulu under shaka, ngwane under sobhuza, ngoni states, ndebele and kololo. The difaqane mfecane spread its influence over an enormous area stretching from the cape colony to east and central africa. With new introduction south africa 1899, iraq 2003.
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